Thursday, December 18, 2014

Bravo ISRO !

The maiden launch of the brand new GSLV Mark III was a great success this morning.
This rocket is powered by two large Solid Rocket booster S200 that lift it in the air. About 2 minutes later, the center stage L110 is ignited and carry the laucher into space. The 2nd stage was just a dummy stage on that flight and will later rely on its cryogenic engine to give an orbital speed to the payload.

This 1st flight carried a mock up of future human capsule that splashed down in the India Ocean 20 minutes after lift off.

The rocket reminds me of a Titan IV that would have been thicker and shorter. It looks definitely massive and powerful.
I built a full model of that rocket in Sketchup in order to draw exploded views and cutaways of that little beast.

 GSLV mark III cutaway

  GSLV mark III exploded view

GSLV mark III almost ready for lift off !

Friday, November 28, 2014

SpaceX Unveils Autonomous Drone Ship

So SpaceX built a sea platform to land the spent 1st Stages of future Falcon 9.


Elon musk leaked a picture of that barge that looks like a small aircraft carrier seen from above.

But how big it is compared to the stage that will hover and hopefully safely land on it ?


Here are some screenshot of a model I made that put things in perspective.

With 65meters high the first stage is huge, so huge that the barge looks tiny and it will be a really challenge to aim at it and land the stage.

Saturday, February 15, 2014

Re-using Ariane first stage - The live test

In mid 1981, ESA approved the funding for a real recovery exercise to be performed in mid 1982 during Ariane 5th or 6th flight. An order for an Ariane interstage 1-2 including the parachute system was placed to Fokker Aerospace in The Netherlands.


Fokker was at that time the prime contractor for the Ariane interstages. The main parachutes were made by Irvin in UK, while Autoflug, Germany, provided the drogue parachutes and control box.
Fokker delivered the special interstage in mid 1982 and the parachute system added an additional 850kg to the launch vehicle.The test was now scheduled to be part of Ariane flight L07.

Unfortunately, in September 1982, the failure of Ariane 5th flight (L05) and loss of its first commercial payload put the program on hold and impacted the launch manifest. Flight L07 was now due to carry an Intelsat V, whose weight precluded carriage of parachutes.
The parachute live test was first postponed to the 11th mission, due mid 1984. This was changed again and the flight of the next Ariane 1 (V-14) was picked instead.

At last

On July 2nd 1985, a recovery barge and a tugboat came all the way from Hamburg, Germany to the recovery zone in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. At the Kourou space center in French Guiana 350kms away, the Ariane 1 rocket rose up into the sky and 149 seconds after launch, the staging operation went as planned and the 1st stage started its free fall toward the recovery ships.
However, the parachutes system did not work out and the 1st stage crashed loudly into the sea. The recovery live test was a failure.
That evening, while cheering to the successful launch of the rocket’s payload, the probe Giotto, ESA announced that a new recovery test will be planned asap.

However, a series of dramatic failures would soon stormed the western space industry during the following months. Two Ariane flights would go wrong in September 1985 (V-15) and in May 1986 (V-18). The Space Shuttle would be grounded after the Challenger disaster in Early 1986 and in April 1986, a Titan 34D would destroyed its launch pad.

Gaining back launcher reliability was now more important than reducing costs for the commercial launch market. So, the second recovery test was scrubbed as the Ariane 4 development programme was winding-up for a maiden flight in 1988.



References :


  • ESA Bulletin nr 39 pp19 - Feb 1982 -
  • FLIGHT International - 17 April 1982 - Fokker makes Ariane a parachute


Images are my personal thought of what could have been the recovery scene. Based on New Scientist - 6 May 1982 - Down to earth rocket

Thursday, January 30, 2014

Re-using Ariane’s first stage - The study

As spaceX is working hard to routinely reuse its Falcon 9 rocket stages, one can remember that 30 years ago, Ariane 1 could have been the very first liquid rocket to have its 1st stage safely recovered and refurbished after every launches.

 From 1979 to 1981, CNES, the french space agency, and ESA made a deep study to use a set of parachutes in order to slow down the first stage's fall into the Atlantic Ocean. Cutting cost on launch operation was seen as critical for Europe at that time. The Space Shuttle was about to make its first flight and this new spacecraft was to slash launch cost. The fear of ESA was that all commercial satellite operators would leave the Ariane order book in favor of the space shuttle one, leaving few governmental flight for the European rocket with pricey launches as a consequences.


Saving costs

Recovering the first stage is attractive from an economic point of view because it accounts for roughly 40 per cent of the cost of an Ariane rocket. The propellant tanks of the stage are made of stainless steel. In 1982, the recovery of the wreckage of the ill-fated fifth flight (L05) showed that those tanks, although bumped, remained corrosion-free after a short stay in sea-water. It was then foreseen that they could be reuse after cleaning with fresh water and refurbished.

The same principle would apply for other parts such as the engine turbopumps and the propulsion bay that might be re-use on later flights. However, engineers foresaw a necessary replacement of the engine nozzles, because they would distort when their hot surface touched the sea. Overall, the saving count indicated that an Ariane launch costs can be cut by roughly 10 to 15%.

Recovery plan

The conclusion of the 1981 studies pointed that a couple of critical phases had to be mastered for a successful recovery :

  • To point and slow down the stage to allow a gentle sea landing. The calculations indicated that a maximum speed of 12,5m/s was needed at landing in order to stay below structural strength of the empty stage and avoid any damages.
  • To find and lift that stage quickly enough to prevent any corrosion by seawater or damages from the waves. 
ESA crafted a detailed recovery plan to overcome those critical phases.

Braking sequence
The first stage of Ariane would separate at an altitude of about 53 km and a velocity of 2100 m/s (7500km/h). lt would continue its coasting flight up to an altitude of 87 km, after which it would fall back into the sea, some 340 kms from the launch site in the Atlantic ocean. As the stage would go through thicker parts of the atmosphere, its speed would decrease and reach 160m/s (ca 600km/h) at 5000 m high. At this height, a mortar would fired two drogue parachutes. These would stabilise the stage and pull out an intermediate parachute of 12,5m diameter. This parachute would first half opened at 2m diameter and its purpose would be to stabilize the oscillations of the falling stage and to make sure it is pointing with the engine bay downward.

The parachute would then fully open and further reduces the speed of the stage down to 70m/s (252 km/h). At 2000m high, the final braking sequence would start with the deployment of four main parachutes of 20m diameter. They would slowly open and lift the stage so that it enters the sea at the required maximum 12,5 m/s speed.

Once in the water, calculations show that the buoyancy of the stage would keep it near vertical with a maximum 5° tilting angle.
However, In some cases, the tank pressure could go down to as low as 0,9 bars and cause damages to the structural integrity of the stage, so it might be necessary to repressurise the tanks in order to ensure that the stage remains afloat after impact. A pressurization system was yet to be defined but could either be part of the rocket or provided by the recovery team at sea level.

Recovery sequence
The recovery ship would track optically the stage as it descends. Four radio beacons fitted in the front interstage will also ease the localization of the booster when floating at sea. As soon as the stage is in view, a tug boat would bring a dedicated recovery barge toward the impact zone. The barge would include a floating sledge nicknamed “the spoon” specially designed to recover the floating stage.

On site, the recovery crew would first secured the stage by checking it for any propellant leaks (Nitrogen tetroxide and UH 25 are highly toxic and should be carefully vented before any human activities) and disabling the flight termination system to prevent any explosion during operations. Divers would then release the spent parachutes and tilt the stage near horizontal with the help of buoyancy bags. The recovery sledge would be positioned under the stage and both would be strongly tied together. Next, a winch would tow the sledge safely onto the barge through a dedicated ramp. At last, the sledge would be safely tied to the barge for the journey back to Cayenne harbour, French Guiana. 

Reusability
Once at land, the recovered stage would be carefully cleaned with fresh water and a neutralising agent would be sprayed onto it. The main components would be disassembled and dried. A first assessment would be done before transporting the parts back to the manufacturing plants scattered in Europe. There, deep analysis will be performed and the parts in good shape will go through the normal validation process before being assembled again on a new stage.

- To be continued -

References : 

  • ESA bulletin nr 25 pp33 - Feb 1981
  • ESA Bulletin nr 39 pp19 - Feb 1982
  • FLIGHT International - 17 April 1982 - Fokker makes Ariane a parachute 


Images are my personal thought of what could have been the recovery scene. Inspired from New Scientist - 6 May 1982 - Down to earth rocket

Wednesday, December 25, 2013

Solaris - A manufacturing plant in orbit

In 1981, CNES, the french space agency, envisionned an "automatic" space station dubbed SOLARIS.

The basic idea was to have a manufacturing plant in orbit to produce advanced material and pharmaceutical products in microgravity that can be brought down through unmanned capsules.
I guess the project was scrubbed when the orbital produced materials turned out to be not so promising after some experiments done in SpaceLab from 1983.





Sunday, March 24, 2013

Hermes at liftoff - 1979 Artwork

A beautiful artwork of Hermes on the launchpad taken from a October 1979 magazine .
The variant of the spaceplane depicted here is the original version presented by CNES at the Paris Airshow the previous spring.


Interestingly, the launch vehicle envisioned is an Ariane 1. The maiden flight of that rocket was just 2 months after the issue of the magazine and this may have influenced the artist.
However, in no way an Ariane 1 would have been able to throw Hermes in orbit. The first  operational rocket of ESA was designed to deliver payloads in GTO (1 800kgs) not to LEO. But even with a reduced 3rd stage, the booster capability would have never fit with the 10 tons mass of Hermes.

Instead, CNES planned to use an uprated version of Ariane 4, dubbed "Ariane 5" with an enlarged 2nd stage. That rocket would have been very different from the Ariane 5 that will eventually be built and fly 15 years later.

Source : Science et Vie #745, October 1979

Sunday, January 27, 2013

Space settlements

A vintage space art from the mid seventies. The dream at that time was to build huge space colonies.

I love the psychedelic colors of the original scan so I restored it by removing some scratches, the text and balancing the colors.


Source : Space Settlements: A Design Study (NASA 1975)